Your goal
Compare the scope of a claim with the people covered by the evidence; separate known details from follow-up questions.
Insufficient evidence does not necessarily mean a claim is false. Adequacy depends on what the claim asserts and how broadly. The same record can support a limited statement but not a whole-group conclusion.
Before you start
- 충분하다
- to be adequate for the purpose
- 부족하다
- to fall short of what is needed
- 응답자
- a respondent
- 미응답
- no response yet
- 추가 확인
- further checking
- 범위를 좁히다
- to narrow the population or scope
Explore the situation
All groups, people, records and costs here are fictional teaching materials, not real research findings or operating rules.
Fictional group learning materials
Views on text size
All twenty Hanbit members were asked their preferred print size; six have responded so far.
| Item | Record |
|---|---|
| 전체 회원 | 20명 |
| 응답자 | 6명 |
| 큰 글자 선택 | 4명 |
| 보통 글자 선택 | 2명 |
| 미응답 | 14명 |
| 묻지 않은 것 | 선택 이유·실제 이해도·비용 |
Each respondent chose one option. Preference and effect are different information.
Learn the expressions
| Use | Expression and example |
|---|---|
| Supported statement | 응답자 여섯 명 중 네 명이 큰 글자를 선호했어요. |
| Check the claim’s scope | 모든 회원이 큰 글자를 선호한다고 말하기에는 근거가 부족해요. |
| Ask a specific follow-up | 아직 답하지 않은 회원은 어떤 글자 크기를 선호하나요? |
| Separate reason from choice | 왜 그 크기를 선택했는지도 추가 확인이 필요해요. |
No response does not mean opposition or lack of interest. To discuss everyone’s preference, check who was asked, how many answered and what question they answered.
Read the conversation
Model: limited evidence
여섯 명 중 네 명이 큰 글자를 골랐어요. 모두 좋아한다고 해도 돼요?
Show meaning
Asks whether respondents represent everyone.
아직 열네 명은 답하지 않았어요. 모두 그렇다고 말하기에는 근거가 부족해요.
Show meaning
Identifies the missing coverage.
그럼 답한 여섯 명의 결과라고 말할게요.
Show meaning
Narrows the statement.
Model: follow-up question
다른 회원의 선호도 확인할까요?
Show meaning
Seeks further information.
좋아요. 왜 그 크기를 고르는지도 물어봐요.
Show meaning
Checks reasons separately.
Build a sentence
Change the card details and try a sentence before revealing the example. Then assemble the sentence pieces.
Compare position, support and conditions
Check claim scope
Respondent result
- Members
- 20명
- Responses
- 6명
- Larger text
- 4명
Example and explanation
응답자 여섯 명 중 네 명이 큰 글자를 골랐어요.
This stays within the respondents.
Whole-group claim
- No response
- 14명
Example and explanation
모두 그렇다고 말하기에는 근거가 부족해요.
Nonresponse is neither approval nor opposition.
Next check
- Missing information
- 선호와 선택 이유
Example and explanation
아직 답하지 않은 사람에게도 의견을 물어봐야 해요.
Identify whom to ask next.
Sentence-piece practice
1. Review support for the whole-group claim.
Sentence pieces
- 근거가
- 모두 큰 글자를 선호한다고 말하기에는
- 부족해요.
2. Name whose views need checking.
Sentence pieces
- 추가로
- 아직 답하지 않은 사람의 의견도
- 확인해야 해요.
Practice
Choose a response that fits the situation using the expressions you learned.
1. How many people answered in the model?
- 14명
- 6명
- 20명
2. Which statement is supported by the model?
- 응답자 여섯 명 중 네 명이 큰 글자를 선호했어요.
- 스무 명 모두 큰 글자를 선호해요.
- 열네 명은 큰 글자에 반대해요.
3. What does insufficient evidence mean here?
- The claim is necessarily false.
- None of the data is usable.
- This source does not establish that scope.
4. What should nonrespondents be asked?
- 이미 모두 찬성했죠?
- 어떤 글자 크기를 선호하세요?
- 왜 큰 글자를 싫어하세요?
Try a new situation
Fictional group learning materials
Do all members want picture guidance?
A fictional survey sent to all twenty-eight Saebom members, with eight responses so far.
| Item | Given detail |
|---|---|
| 전체 회원 | 28명 |
| 응답자 | 8명 |
| 그림과 글이 함께 있는 안내 선택 | 6명 |
| 글만 있는 안내 선택 | 2명 |
| 아직 답하지 않음 | 20명 |
| 없는 정보 | 선택 이유·실제 이해 변화·제작 비용 |
The choices are known, but not everyone’s preference or the learning effect.
Use the new role information. Write the required details in Korean and try saying them.
Tasks
Try the tasks first, then compare with the answers and examples in step 10.
1. Report six of eight respondents preferring picture guidance.
Show a hint
Use the pattern and keep the supplied information.
2. Explain that evidence is insufficient to say all members want that format.
Show a hint
Use the pattern and keep the supplied information.
3. Ask the twenty nonrespondents which format they prefer.
Show a hint
Use the pattern and keep the supplied information.
4. Say the reasons for choosing that format need checking.
Show a hint
Use the pattern and keep the supplied information.
5. Say that preference alone does not establish improved understanding.
Show a hint
Use the pattern and keep the supplied information.
Established information and evidence gaps
Compare with the eight responses among twenty-eight Saebom members. Nonresponse is neither agreement nor opposition.
응답자 여덟 명 중 여섯 명이 그림 안내를 골랐어요.
- Established by source
- Contradicts source
- Needs further checking
글만 있는 안내를 고른 응답자는 두 명이에요.
- Established by source
- Contradicts source
- Needs further checking
전체 회원 여덟 명이 모두 답했어요.
- Established by source
- Contradicts source
- Needs further checking
그림 안내를 고른 이유는 기억하기 쉬워서예요.
- Established by source
- Contradicts source
- Needs further checking
미응답 스무 명은 그림 안내에 반대해요.
- Established by source
- Contradicts source
- Needs further checking
그림을 추가한 뒤 실제 이해도가 높아졌어요.
- Established by source
- Contradicts source
- Needs further checking
Check your learning
Read the new conditions and distinguish the key information.
1. What are the task’s membership and response counts?
- 전체 28명, 응답 8명
- 전체 8명, 응답 28명
- 전체 20명, 응답 6명
2. Who preferred guidance with pictures?
- 전체 스물여덟 명
- 아직 답하지 않은 스무 명
- 응답자 여덟 명 중 여섯 명
3. What requires further checking here?
- 글만 있는 안내를 고른 사람이 두 명인지
- 왜 그 안내 형식을 골랐는지
- 응답자 수가 여덟 명인지
4. What is not established by a preference survey alone?
- 실제 이해도가 높아졌는지
- 누가 어느 형식을 골랐는지의 집계
- 응답자의 형식 선택
5. What does twenty nonresponses mean?
- 그 사람들은 그림을 싫어해요.
- 그 사람들은 학습을 포기했어요.
- 그 사람들의 선호는 아직 알 수 없어요.
6. Which plan would address the evidence gap?
- 좋아한다는 문장을 크게 쓰기
- 다른 회원의 선호와 이해하기 어려운 부분을 묻기
- 같은 여덟 명 결과를 전원 결과로 다시 이름 붙이기
Reflect on your reading
Tick only what you actually checked. Feedback from another person is optional and is not required to finish the lesson.
Answers and explanations
Show answers and explanations
Practice questions
1. How many people answered in the model?
Answer: 6명
Six of twenty responded.
- 14명 — That is nonresponse count.
- 20명 — That is total membership.
2. Which statement is supported by the model?
Answer: 응답자 여섯 명 중 네 명이 큰 글자를 선호했어요.
It states the respondent scope.
- 스무 명 모두 큰 글자를 선호해요. — Not everyone answered.
- 열네 명은 큰 글자에 반대해요. — Nonrespondents’ views are unknown.
3. What does insufficient evidence mean here?
Answer: This source does not establish that scope.
It compares claim scope with evidence.
- The claim is necessarily false. — Insufficient and false are different.
- None of the data is usable. — It can support a limited observation.
4. What should nonrespondents be asked?
Answer: 어떤 글자 크기를 선호하세요?
Ask without presupposing their view.
- 이미 모두 찬성했죠? — Agreement is not established.
- 왜 큰 글자를 싫어하세요? — No dislike has been established.
Learning check
1. What are the task’s membership and response counts?
Answer: 전체 28명, 응답 8명
Eight out of twenty-eight.
- 전체 8명, 응답 28명 — The total and subset are reversed.
- 전체 20명, 응답 6명 — These mix the earlier model’s figures.
2. Who preferred guidance with pictures?
Answer: 응답자 여덟 명 중 여섯 명
Report the response count accurately.
- 전체 스물여덟 명 — It is not the whole group’s result.
- 아직 답하지 않은 스무 명 — Nonrespondents’ preferences are unknown.
3. What requires further checking here?
Answer: 왜 그 안내 형식을 골랐는지
Reasons were not asked.
- 글만 있는 안내를 고른 사람이 두 명인지 — The count of two is given too.
- 응답자 수가 여덟 명인지 — The response count is supplied.
4. What is not established by a preference survey alone?
Answer: 실제 이해도가 높아졌는지
Distinguish preference from measured understanding.
- 누가 어느 형식을 골랐는지의 집계 — The counts are supplied.
- 응답자의 형식 선택 — Choice is what was asked.
5. What does twenty nonresponses mean?
Answer: 그 사람들의 선호는 아직 알 수 없어요.
Nonresponse is not a statement of preference.
- 그 사람들은 그림을 싫어해요. — No dislike is stated.
- 그 사람들은 학습을 포기했어요. — Leaving the course is not established.
6. Which plan would address the evidence gap?
Answer: 다른 회원의 선호와 이해하기 어려운 부분을 묻기
It obtains missing information.
- 좋아한다는 문장을 크게 쓰기 — Typography adds no evidence.
- 같은 여덟 명 결과를 전원 결과로 다시 이름 붙이기 — The coverage does not increase.
Example answers
Written responses are examples. Other wording can also meet the same conditions.
1. Report six of eight respondents preferring picture guidance.
응답자 여덟 명 중 여섯 명이 그림이 있는 안내를 선호했어요.
답한 여덟 명 가운데 여섯 명이 그림 포함 안내를 골랐어요.
Separate all members from respondents.
2. Explain that evidence is insufficient to say all members want that format.
모든 회원이 같은 형식을 원한다고 말하기에는 근거가 부족해요.
모두 그림 안내를 원한다고 말하기에는 근거가 부족합니다.
Limit the conclusion’s scope.
3. Ask the twenty nonrespondents which format they prefer.
어떤 안내 형식을 선호하세요?
그림이 있는 안내와 글만 있는 안내 중 어떤 것을 원하세요?
Do not presuppose a particular answer.
4. Say the reasons for choosing that format need checking.
왜 그 형식을 선택했는지도 추가 확인이 필요해요.
그 안내를 선택한 이유도 더 확인해야 해요.
Choice and reason are distinct questions.
5. Say that preference alone does not establish improved understanding.
선호만으로 실제 이해도가 높아졌는지는 알 수 없어요.
실제 이해에 도움이 됐는지는 더 확인해야 해요.
Do not inflate the finding.
Established information and evidence gaps
Fictional group learning materials
Do all members want picture guidance?
A fictional survey sent to all twenty-eight Saebom members, with eight responses so far.
| Item | Given detail |
|---|---|
| 전체 회원 | 28명 |
| 응답자 | 8명 |
| 그림과 글이 함께 있는 안내 선택 | 6명 |
| 글만 있는 안내 선택 | 2명 |
| 아직 답하지 않음 | 20명 |
| 없는 정보 | 선택 이유·실제 이해 변화·제작 비용 |
The choices are known, but not everyone’s preference or the learning effect.
응답자 여덟 명 중 여섯 명이 그림 안내를 골랐어요. → Established by source
It stays within the response record.
글만 있는 안내를 고른 응답자는 두 명이에요. → Established by source
The other option’s count is supplied too.
전체 회원 여덟 명이 모두 답했어요. → Contradicts source
The total is 28, responses 8.
그림 안내를 고른 이유는 기억하기 쉬워서예요. → Needs further checking
Reasons were not asked.
미응답 스무 명은 그림 안내에 반대해요. → Needs further checking
Nonrespondents’ opinions are unconfirmed.
그림을 추가한 뒤 실제 이해도가 높아졌어요. → Needs further checking
Preference data did not measure understanding change.
Sentence-piece practice
1. Review support for the whole-group claim.
모두 큰 글자를 선호한다고 말하기에는 근거가 부족해요.
Evidence is insufficient for that scope.
2. Name whose views need checking.
아직 답하지 않은 사람의 의견도 추가로 확인해야 해요.
Do not turn nonresponse into opposition.
Review and continue
Come back to these
Recall with the example closed
Compare the scope of a claim with the people covered by the evidence; separate known details from follow-up questions.
Change one detail
Change a person, action or time and make two sentences.
Combine with earlier expressions
Make a short exchange with a question and response.
Review what felt difficult
Review this expressionReconsider whether the evidence is sufficient →Earlier learningReconnect the foundation →Look separately at activity completion and core learning results.